toefl.viplgw.cn
手机号不能为空!
验证码不能为空!
用户名不能为空!
密码不能为空!
邮箱不能为空!
验证码不能为空!
用户名不能为空!
密码不能为空!
英['lɪs(ə)n] 美['lɪsn]
vi. 听,倾听;听从,听信
n. 听,倾听
你的托福备考神器
你的托福备考神器
题库>听力-6612 -Official 22
请联系小助手查看完整题目
(微信号:lgwKY2001)
Listen to part of lecture in an anthropology class.
One of the big questions when we look at prehistory is: Why did early state form?Well, to begin we'd better define exactly what we mean when we've talk about the states. The human groups that are the smallest and have the least social and political complexity, we call bands. The groups that are the largest and most socially and politically complex, we call states. So, the level of complexity here refers to the organization of people into large, diverse groups, and densely populated communities. And there are four levels in total: bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states.
But, but back to my original question.Why did early states form? Why not just continue to live in small groups?Why become more complex?
One theory called the environmental approach hypothesizes that the main force behind state formation was population growth. It assumes that centralized management was critical to dealing with issues caused by sudden population surges, like a strain on limited food supplies.
At the least complex end of the spectrum, the few families living in bands are able to meet their own basic needs.They usually hunt together and forage whatever foods are available to them, instead of domesticating animals and planting crops. In order to efficiently take advantage of the wild foods available, bands are often nomadic and move around following herds of animals. This strategy is feasible when you have a small population.
But when you have a large population, well, the whole population can't just get up and move to follow a wild herd of animals. So you need sophisticated technologies to produce enough food for everyone. And there is an increase need to resolve social problems that arise as people begin to compete for resources. To manage intensified food production, to collect, store and distribute food, you need centralized decision-making, centralized decision-makers.
It's the same thing when it comes to maintaining social order. You need to create and efficiently enforce a formal legal code.It makes sense to have a centralized authority in charge of that, right? So a hierarchy forms.By definition, states had at least three social levels. Usually, an upper class of rulers, a middle class comprised of managers and merchants, and a lower class of crop producers and agricultural laborers.
The environmental approach hypothesizes that states appear in certain environmental settings, settings which have a severe population problem or a shortage of agricultural land. But not everyone agrees with the theory.It definitely has some weaknesses.For example. states have developed in places like the mild lowlands of Mesoamerica and in Egypt's Nile River Valley. Both places had vast areas of fertile farmland, no shortage of agricultural land. And what about population increase? Well, there were some early states that formed where there wasn't any sudden population increase. So it seems that these are valid criticisms of the environmental approach.
当前版本由 小托君 更新于2018-08-08 14:48:00 感谢由 小托君 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
解析:(4”)(1’18”原文中)One of the big questions when we look at prehistory is why did the earliest states form? 这位教授开头没废话,直接说了一个 big question,就是 why…所以就选 possible reasons。听好开头很重要,一般的主旨题会定位在开头。
我有更好解析
取消
提交
推荐文章
题库>听力-6612 -Official 22
请联系小助手查看完整题目
(微信号:lgwKY2001)
Listen to part of lecture in an anthropology class.
One of the big questions when we look at prehistory is: Why did early state form?Well, to begin we'd better define exactly what we mean when we've talk about the states. The human groups that are the smallest and have the least social and political complexity, we call bands. The groups that are the largest and most socially and politically complex, we call states. So, the level of complexity here refers to the organization of people into large, diverse groups, and densely populated communities. And there are four levels in total: bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states.
But, but back to my original question.Why did early states form? Why not just continue to live in small groups?Why become more complex?
One theory called the environmental approach hypothesizes that the main force behind state formation was population growth. It assumes that centralized management was critical to dealing with issues caused by sudden population surges, like a strain on limited food supplies.
At the least complex end of the spectrum, the few families living in bands are able to meet their own basic needs.They usually hunt together and forage whatever foods are available to them, instead of domesticating animals and planting crops. In order to efficiently take advantage of the wild foods available, bands are often nomadic and move around following herds of animals. This strategy is feasible when you have a small population.
But when you have a large population, well, the whole population can't just get up and move to follow a wild herd of animals. So you need sophisticated technologies to produce enough food for everyone. And there is an increase need to resolve social problems that arise as people begin to compete for resources. To manage intensified food production, to collect, store and distribute food, you need centralized decision-making, centralized decision-makers.
It's the same thing when it comes to maintaining social order. You need to create and efficiently enforce a formal legal code.It makes sense to have a centralized authority in charge of that, right? So a hierarchy forms.By definition, states had at least three social levels. Usually, an upper class of rulers, a middle class comprised of managers and merchants, and a lower class of crop producers and agricultural laborers.
The environmental approach hypothesizes that states appear in certain environmental settings, settings which have a severe population problem or a shortage of agricultural land. But not everyone agrees with the theory.It definitely has some weaknesses.For example. states have developed in places like the mild lowlands of Mesoamerica and in Egypt's Nile River Valley. Both places had vast areas of fertile farmland, no shortage of agricultural land. And what about population increase? Well, there were some early states that formed where there wasn't any sudden population increase. So it seems that these are valid criticisms of the environmental approach.
小托君 更新于2018-08-08 14:48:00
解析:(4”)(1’18”原文中)One of the big questions when we look at prehistory is why did the earliest states form? 这位教授开头没废话,直接说了一个 big question,就是 why…所以就选 possible reasons。听好开头很重要,一般的主旨题会定位在开头。
推荐文章
回复评论
复制评论
解析提交成功,正在审核中
知道了
您已提交评论成功
答案都没有怎么前进?
知道了
此来源单项已做完
知道了
是否确认删除?
取消
删除
草莓小菇凉:说的非常好,十分有道理,棒棒棒!
06-08 15:44:55