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英['lɪs(ə)n] 美['lɪsn]
vi. 听,倾听;听从,听信
n. 听,倾听
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题库>听力-7083 -Official 24
请联系小助手查看完整题目
(微信号:lgwKY2001)
Listen to part of lecture in the archeology class.
Between 11000 - 10000 B.C.E., North America was populated by a wide variety of great beasts, like mammoth, and mastodons, both elephant-like creatures with big tusks, and camels, giant slots, the list goes on.By about 10000 B.C.E., all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories.
One theory is that they were hunted to extinction by humans.The humans who coexist with these giant species in North America at that time were what we today called the Clovis people.And there is a Clovis site in a valley in Southern California where the remains of thirteen mammoths were found. And spear points, tools for processing meat, and fire places.
That would appear to be some pretty compelling evidence.Mammoth bones have also been found at some other Clevis sites.
But then at other Clevis sites, there is also a lot of evidence that the Clevis people mostly gather plants and hunted small games, like rabbits and wild turkeys.Also there are several places in North America Where you have nature accumulations of mammoth bones that looks very similar to the accumulations at the Clevis site, except there is no human debris, where the mammoth almost certainly died as a result of some kind of nature disaster. So I think it is quit likely that those 13 mammoth in Southern California also died of nature causes, and that Clevis people simply took advantage of the situation.Um... OK. That is the hunting theory.
Now let's look at another theory, uh, an alternative to the hunting theory, the climate change theory.At around of 110500 B.C.E., the world was coming out of the ice age. And with that came increased seasonality, that is, the summers became warmer, and the winters actually became colder.This extreme shifts would have put a lot of stress on the bodies of animals that were used to a more moderate range of temperatures.
But the most important impact of this increased seasonality may very well have been its effect on the distribution of plants.
Today we take for granted that there are horizontal bands of plant communities. In the far north, it is tundra, which gives way to the forest as you move southward.And even father south, grasslands take over.But during the ice age, these plant communities actually grew together, mixed with one another.So ice age animals had access to many different types of plants, different types of food.But when the seasons became more distinct, the plant communities were pulled apart, that meant, that in any given area, there was less plant diversity.And as a result, so the theory goes, the Ice Age animals that depended on plants diversity couldn't survive.And the greatest beasts were the ones that needed the most diversity in their diet.Again, we have what at first seems like a pretty attractive theory, but then, how do you explain the fact that this has happened before?You know, global cooling followed by global warming, and there was no extinction then.
Uh, you know, I recently read an interesting article about an archeologist who tried to solve this puzzle with the help of his computer.What he did was, he wrote a computer program to simulate what would happen to mammoth under certain conditions. Em, say for example, there is a drought for a couple of decades, or hunters are killing or 5 percent of the population and so on.
One thing he found was that humans did not necessarily have to kill these animals in great numbers in order to nudge them toward the extinction.That's because very large animals have a slow rate of reproduction, so all you have to do is remove a few young females from the herds and you can, fairly quickly, significantly reduce the population.And then he came up with a the scenario that combined some hunting by humans with some environmental stress, and... bang.The simulated mammoth were extinct within decades.
So it's seems the mixture of hunting and climate changed is a likely scenario.Uh, Of course, computer simulations are not a substitute for hard evidence.
当前版本由 十三个 更新于2018-11-23 14:49:27 感谢由 十三个 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories. 主旨题。开头就说了,这些大型动物都不见了,我们不知道为什么,但现存有有几种解释。选D。
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all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories.
主旨题。开头就说了,这些大型动物都不见了,我们不知道为什么,但现存有有几种解释。选D。
2017-12-05 11:10:13
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题库>听力-7083 -Official 24
请联系小助手查看完整题目
(微信号:lgwKY2001)
Listen to part of lecture in the archeology class.
Between 11000 - 10000 B.C.E., North America was populated by a wide variety of great beasts, like mammoth, and mastodons, both elephant-like creatures with big tusks, and camels, giant slots, the list goes on.By about 10000 B.C.E., all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories.
One theory is that they were hunted to extinction by humans.The humans who coexist with these giant species in North America at that time were what we today called the Clovis people.And there is a Clovis site in a valley in Southern California where the remains of thirteen mammoths were found. And spear points, tools for processing meat, and fire places.
That would appear to be some pretty compelling evidence.Mammoth bones have also been found at some other Clevis sites.
But then at other Clevis sites, there is also a lot of evidence that the Clevis people mostly gather plants and hunted small games, like rabbits and wild turkeys.Also there are several places in North America Where you have nature accumulations of mammoth bones that looks very similar to the accumulations at the Clevis site, except there is no human debris, where the mammoth almost certainly died as a result of some kind of nature disaster. So I think it is quit likely that those 13 mammoth in Southern California also died of nature causes, and that Clevis people simply took advantage of the situation.Um... OK. That is the hunting theory.
Now let's look at another theory, uh, an alternative to the hunting theory, the climate change theory.At around of 110500 B.C.E., the world was coming out of the ice age. And with that came increased seasonality, that is, the summers became warmer, and the winters actually became colder.This extreme shifts would have put a lot of stress on the bodies of animals that were used to a more moderate range of temperatures.
But the most important impact of this increased seasonality may very well have been its effect on the distribution of plants.
Today we take for granted that there are horizontal bands of plant communities. In the far north, it is tundra, which gives way to the forest as you move southward.And even father south, grasslands take over.But during the ice age, these plant communities actually grew together, mixed with one another.So ice age animals had access to many different types of plants, different types of food.But when the seasons became more distinct, the plant communities were pulled apart, that meant, that in any given area, there was less plant diversity.And as a result, so the theory goes, the Ice Age animals that depended on plants diversity couldn't survive.And the greatest beasts were the ones that needed the most diversity in their diet.Again, we have what at first seems like a pretty attractive theory, but then, how do you explain the fact that this has happened before?You know, global cooling followed by global warming, and there was no extinction then.
Uh, you know, I recently read an interesting article about an archeologist who tried to solve this puzzle with the help of his computer.What he did was, he wrote a computer program to simulate what would happen to mammoth under certain conditions. Em, say for example, there is a drought for a couple of decades, or hunters are killing or 5 percent of the population and so on.
One thing he found was that humans did not necessarily have to kill these animals in great numbers in order to nudge them toward the extinction.That's because very large animals have a slow rate of reproduction, so all you have to do is remove a few young females from the herds and you can, fairly quickly, significantly reduce the population.And then he came up with a the scenario that combined some hunting by humans with some environmental stress, and... bang.The simulated mammoth were extinct within decades.
So it's seems the mixture of hunting and climate changed is a likely scenario.Uh, Of course, computer simulations are not a substitute for hard evidence.
十三个 更新于2018-11-23 14:49:27
all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories. 主旨题。开头就说了,这些大型动物都不见了,我们不知道为什么,但现存有有几种解释。选D。
all those giant creatures, the Megfauna of North America were gone.We do not know exactly what happened to them, but there are some theories.
主旨题。开头就说了,这些大型动物都不见了,我们不知道为什么,但现存有有几种解释。选D。
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草莓小菇凉:说的非常好,十分有道理,棒棒棒!
06-08 15:44:55